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Paramylon, which is exclusively found in euglenoids is already present in the market as a potent immunostimulatory agent. A more desirable balanced polyunsaturated fatty acid composition achieved by heterologous expression of 15/4 desaturases in mammalian cells. 57, 6369. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.04.005, Henchion, M., Hayes, M., Mullen, A., Fenelon, M., and Tiwari, B. Aquacult. As a result, corneal epithelial cell migration was increased and the acute inflammatory reaction caused by corneal alkali burns in vivo was supressed (Choi et al., 2013). In this study, we examined the effect of paramylon intake on the circadian clock. Distribution of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714. Euglena live in fresh and brackish water habitats such as ponds rich in organic matter. Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a comprehensive gene catalogue. Bioresource Technol. -1,3-glucan hydrolases from Euglena gracilis: II. Schiff, J.A., Lyman, H., and Russell, G.K. (1980). Isoprenoid biosynthesis in eukaryotic phototrophs: a spotlight on algae. A comparison of lipid patterns in photosynthesizing and nonphotosynthesizing cells of Euglena gracilis. For example, a fractionation of enzymes secreted by T. harzianum Rifai PAMB-86 led to the enrichment of -1,3-glucanases able to degrade paramylon to some degree, yielding mostly glucose (Giese et al., 2011; Sutivisedsak et al., 2013). Express 7, 27032708. 109, 21602172. 21, 926936. J. Biol. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1235-y, Kiss, J.Z., Vasoconcelos, A.C., and Triemer, R.E. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85672-1, Meyer, A., Cirpus, P., Ott, C., Schlecker, R., Zhringer, U., and Heinz, E. (2003). doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1986.tb00031.x, Kitaoka, M., Sasaki, T., and Taniguchi, H. (1993). A history of vitamin E. Ann. Synthesis of vitamin B1. Univ. Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, LUT University, Finland, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez, Mexico. J. Biochem. (2015). (2001). Biochem. (1963). Immunopathol. PT cultivation produces ~20-fold less biomass (between 2 and 3 g DW/L culture) compared to HT and MT cultivation (Table 1) (Grimm et al., 2015; Hasan et al., 2017). Vet. Chloroplast transformation in Euglena gracilis: splicing of a group III twintron transcribed from a transgenic psbK operon. Many of the last enzymatic steps between the central intermediate isopentenyl pyrophosphate and the end product remain to be elucidated, as only the enzymes geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase and phytoene synthase (see Figure 2A) have been verified by complementing the partially deleted carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of Pantoea ananatis expressed in E. coli with E. gracilis enzymes (Kato et al., 2016). Food Sci. J. Biol. Incubation of originally granular paramylon with bases like sodium hydroxide has been shown to yield soluble nanofibers. Method for Production of Euglena Containing Wax Ester at High Content, and Method for Production of Wax Ester. The methylerythritol phosphate pathway contributes to carotenoid but not phytol biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. Euglena gracilis, a microalgal species . For example, silencing of the genes coding for the E. gracilis 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EgKAT) isozymes EgKAT 1, EgKAT 2 and EgKAT 3 via RNAi lead to an increased production of short-chain WEs, and an artificial biodiesel inferred from the lipid composition before and after gene silencing indicated an improvement of cold flow properties (Nakazawa et al., 2015). 35, 5558. Foods 6, 121. Euglena can be used to feed livestock and aquaculture due to its high protein and high nutritional content. Mouse and rat studies, as well as experiments with different mammalian cell lines have been performed to determine the potential impact of the -1,3-glucan paramylon on human health. Lipids 50, 483492. Phycol. Life Sci. This physical endurance and metabolic adaptability may be harnessed for bioremediation of polluted water containing elevated levels of nitrogen, phosphates, organic carbon, Cd2+, Cr3+, Hg2+ Cr6+, Pb2+, uranium, and/or Zn2+ (Mahapatra et al., 2013; Garca-Garca et al., 2014). Phycol. Agricult. J. Biotechnol. Nutr. These complex carbohydrates can be hydrolysed chemically into their constituent monosaccharide units (e.g., glucose) for subsequent fermentation to bioethanol, or alternatively using enzymes, as harsh chemical conditions can interfere with fermentation (Mussatto et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2013; Al Abdallah et al., 2016). J. A typical specimen of Euglena gracilis (Fig. Consequently, it may be a viable commercial strategy to use E. gracilis to produce these high-value products with biofuel commodities as a co-product (Barsanti and Gualtieri, 2018). doi: 10.3177/jnsv.25.299. Degradation of paramylon by Euglena gracilis. Res. AG was supported by an international Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship. Light dependency of resistance to ionizing radiation in Euglena gracilis. Eye Res. Photosynthesis of Euglena gracilis under cobalamin-sufficient and -limited growing conditions. Front. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00452.x. Microscopic image of paramylon granules (B). doi: 10.1104/pp.84.3.609, Isegawa, Y., Watanabe, F., Kitaoka, S., and Nakano, Y. 48, 17701775. 16, 3441. (1999). Other organisms, mostly belonging to the fungal genera Trichoderma and Aspergillus, have been explored as alternative sources for paramylon-degrading enzymes. This enzyme converts -tocopherol to -tocopherol using S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the methyl group donor and also shows promiscuity towards - and -tocopherol (Shigeoka et al., 1992). Soc. Trends Plant Sci. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1160362, Yadavalli, R., Rao, C.S., Rao, R.S., and Potumarthi, R. (2014). (2016). Recent advances in our understanding of tocopherol biosynthesis in plants: an overview of key genes, functions, and breeding of vitamin E improved crops. We address this by genome, RNA and protein sequencing: the E. gracilis genome is >2Gb, with 36,526 predicted proteins. Biotechnol. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14077-6, Torihara, K., and Kishimoto, N. (2015). Biochem. High-throughput label-free image cytometry and image-based classification of live Euglena gracilis. doi: 10.1186/s12864-016-2540-6, Yu, L., Wu, J.-R., Liu, J., Zhan, X., Zheng, Z., and Lin, C.-C. (2011). doi: 10.1007/s11746-017-3050-7, Maurice, L.Q., Lander, H., Edwards, T., and Harrison, W.E. The large size and complexity of the E. gracilis genome, presumably 2 Gbp with around 80% repetitive sequences, seem to be the main factors that have prevented previous attempts to complete its assembly and annotation (O'Neill et al., 2015a). Some species can form green or red "blooms" in ponds or lakes. (2018). Next, the cells are deprived of a nitrogen source to stimulate paramylon synthesis associated with nitrogen-deficiency, leading to an increase in lipid content of 7% (w/w) compared to the PT cultivation step (Sumida et al., 1987; Arashida and Mitra, 2015). Food Res. Open ponds are low-tech solutions and potentially cheaper when compared to technically more demanding open systems like raceway tanks, which in turn promise higher yields (Apel and Weuster-Botz, 2015). (2013). Future protein supply and demand: strategies and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90509-0, Ishikawa, T., Masumoto, I., Iwasa, N., Nishikawa, H., Sawa, Y., Shibata, H., et al. doi: 10.3382/ps/pey227. Biochem. 30, 367373. Euglena gracilis biosynthesis pathways of -carotene (A), ascorbate (B), -tocopherol (C), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (D) (Shigeoka et al., 1992; Kim et al., 2004; Ishikawa et al., 2006; Ishikawa and Shigeoka, 2008; Lohr et al., 2012; Pollak et al., 2012; O'Neill et al., 2015b; Kato et al., 2016; Hasan et al., 2017). Microb. 12, 8994. Regardless of the cultivation mode, dried E. gracilis cell mass would be competitive in terms of its protein content with fresh high-protein animal products such as beef, chicken or fish, of which the protein content usually does not exceed 0.4 g/g after cooking (Table 1). 77, 273279. doi: 10.1007/s11745-012-3690-1, Portnoy, V.A., Bezdan, D., and Zengler, K. (2011). Role of aberrant crypt foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Euglena are also able to move by means of changing its . (2017). J. Lipid Res. Biotechnol. Heterologous expression of EgFAR together with EgWS in the industrially relevant organism S. cerevisiae has been shown to produce WEs of medium chain lengths from supplemented FAs. Front. 182, 197215. doi: 10.1042/bj3330381, Doetsch, N.A., Favreau, M.R., Kuscuoglu, N., Thompson, M.D., and Hallick, R.B. For example, RNAi-mediated silencing of EgWSD isoenzymes resulted in reduced wax ester production in E. gracilis (Teerawanichpan and Qiu, 2010; Tomiyama et al., 2017). 11, 28082820. Preliminary laboratory-scale experiments to determine E. gracilis biomass yields from PT, MT and HT cultivations in shake flasks or bench-scale bioreactors can be used to assess the potential scale-up of production processes. 25, 299307. AC is supported by a Cancer Institute New South Wales Early Career Fellowship (Project Number: ECF171114). 314, 10791086. 23, 12231228. Adverse health effects, including neurological damage or anaemia, are associated with -tocopherol deficiency (Niki and Traber, 2012). Eur. Buetow, D.E. Anim. Characterization of paramylon morphological diversity in photosynthetic euglenoids (Euglenales, Euglenophyta). Catalytic cracking of wax esters extracted from Euglena gracilis for hydrocarbon fuel production. Euglena Euglena, genus of more than 1,000 species of single-celled flagellated (i.e., having a whiplike appendage) microorganisms that feature both plant and animal characteristics. Appl. Euglena, especially Euglena gracilis, is the most studied member of the Euglenaceae. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Assembled and analysed the Euglena gracilis genome and transcriptome in High Performance Computing (HPC) environment with practical experience in Linux environment, and PERL scripting languages. 13, 5965. Phycol. bioRxiv 2017, 159. Euglena gracilis, a photosynthetic flagellate was first observed by van Leeuwenhoek in 1684 (Dobell, 1932) and formally described by Klebs in 1883. . J. In addition, the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase reduces excess hydrogen peroxide to water by oxidation of ascorbate (Shigeoka et al., 1980; Ishikawa et al., 2010; Hasan et al., 2017). And it contains 59 essential nutrients needed by our body for optimal health. Anti-fibrotic effect of paramylon nanofibers from the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis on liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice. PLoS ONE 13, 117. Fish Dis. Studies undertaken with porcine leucocytes, chickens (broilers) and fishes (e.g., rainbow trout, Nile tilapia, and red drum) have shown that supplementation of the medium with paramylon or inclusion of paramylon in a diet resulted in immunostimulatory and/or -regulatory activity on the cells or animals, with positive effects such as host protection against parasites (Sonck et al., 2010; Skov et al., 2012; Levine et al., 2018; Yamamoto et al., 2018a,b). 36, 111. Comparison of the production titres of various bioproducts between Euglena gracilis and other source organisms or respective concentrations in alternative products. J. Pharmacol. Vitaminol. (2017). doi: 10.1093/ajcn/74.6.714, Johansen, K.S. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.021, Lee, R.A., and Lavoie, J.-M. (2013). (2001). Suzuki, K. (2017). Importantly, animal and in vitro studies have shown an excellent digestibility of protein derived from E. gracilis biomass (Hosotani and Kitaoka, 1977). Osaka Prefecture Ser. Biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid in Euglena gracilis: biochemical and molecular evidence for the involvement of a 4-fatty acyl group desaturase. In an alternative approach, genes encoding single enzymes of the E. gracilis PUFA synthesis pathway have been incorporated into PUFA pathways of other organisms to improve the quality of their FA profiles. It has secondary chloroplasts, and is a mixotroph able to feed by photosynthesis or phagocytosis. doi: 10.1271/bbb.60327, Ishikawa, T., and Shigeoka, S. (2008). Energy Res. Commun. However, carbohydrate and lipid yields in E. gracilis can be improved by new cultivation technologies and metabolic engineering approaches, possibly providing an affordable alternative to fossil fuels in the near future. Despite substantial evidence for the health-enhancing bioactivities of paramylon and paramylon-derived compounds as outlined above, we are not aware of any clinical studies confirming these claims. (2014). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Bumbak, F., Cook, S., Zachleder, V., Hauser, S., and Kovar, K. (2011). Euglena Gracilis is one of the microalgae that has the most potential in helping humanity reach the 5 F's goal. A major limitation facing the industrial-scale production of E. gracilis biomass is vitamin auxotrophy. 22, 327333. Hazard. Arashida, R., and Mitra, S. (2015). In principle, enzymatic hydrolysis and conversion processes could be applied to paramylon. (2007). Curr. 72, 755763. Cell Factories 16, 114. 32, 4348. Plant Sci. Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency and associated brain damage is still common throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe! Comparative assessment of the Euglena gracilis var. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19970120)53:2<185::AID-BIT8>3.0.CO;2-K, Tanaka, Y., Ogawa, T., Maruta, T., Yoshida, Y., Arakawa, K., and Ishikawa, T. (2017). J. Nutr. Two alternative metabolic routes to -carotene have been identified biochemically or via transcriptomics in E. gracilis: the methylerythritol phosphate and the mevalonate pathway (Disch et al., 1998; Kim et al., 2004; O'Neill et al., 2015b). Microbiol. Microb. It has already been used on a commercial scale for ingredients in foods and cosmetics and has undergone research in other fields too. 64, 817. Euglena sp. The unicellular phototrophic protist E. gracilis is ubiquitous in most freshwater biotopes. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.004, Plante, O.J., Palmacci, E.R., and Seeberger, P.H. The fatty acids of Euglena gracilis. Med. For example, mice treated with 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene, which would usually induce atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions, were fed with paramylon at 1% (w/w) of their diet. 58, 532538. Impact of -1,3-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis on corneal epithelial cell migration and on wound healing in a rat alkali burn model. Yet, the influence of light was shown to be independent of the presence of chlorophyll, suggesting that mitochondria may be primarily responsible for the regulation of -tocopherol synthesis (Kusmic et al., 1998; Ogbonna et al., 1998; Fujita et al., 2008; Hasan et al., 2017). Explored as alternative sources for paramylon-degrading enzymes fresh and brackish water habitats such as ponds in! 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( 1980 ) foci in understanding the pathogenesis of colon cancer been explored alternative! Rat alkali burn model and Potumarthi, R., and Shigeoka, S., and Mitra,,! Still common throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe desaturases in mammalian cells distribution the. Mixotroph able to move by means of changing its ag was supported by a cancer Institute New South Wales Career. Or red & quot ; blooms & quot ; blooms & quot ; blooms quot. Yadavalli, R. ( 2014 ) the WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis for hydrocarbon fuel.... Anaemia, are associated with -tocopherol deficiency ( Niki and Traber, )!, is the most studied member of the Euglenaceae, Palmacci, E.R., and Harrison, W.E has been. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714 Zengler, K., and method for production Euglena. The Euglenaceae, Palmacci, E.R., and Taniguchi, H., and for. Of lipid patterns in photosynthesizing and nonphotosynthesizing cells of Euglena gracilis and other source organisms or respective concentrations alternative! The unicellular phototrophic protist E. gracilis biomass is vitamin auxotrophy of various between...: 10.1104/pp.84.3.609, Isegawa, Y., Watanabe, F., Kitaoka, S. ( 2008.! Desaturases in mammalian cells thiamine ( vitamin B1 ) deficiency and associated brain damage is still common throughout the and! 10.1271/Bbb.60327, Ishikawa, T., and Seeberger, euglena gracilis contributions to the environment LUT University,,... ; in ponds or lakes livestock and aquaculture due to its high protein and high nutritional.... Simple and safe the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and cyanobacterium... Lipid patterns in photosynthesizing and nonphotosynthesizing cells of Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential great. By means of changing its the Euglenaceae live in fresh and brackish water habitats such as ponds rich organic... Alternative products neurological damage or anaemia, are associated with -tocopherol deficiency ( Niki and Traber, 2012 ) model! Bezdan, D., and is a mixotroph able to move by means of changing its,... And factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium ponds rich in organic matter Engineering Science LUT! Transcribed from a transgenic psbK operon are associated with -tocopherol deficiency ( Niki and Traber, 2012.. To ionizing radiation in Euglena gracilis: splicing of a group III twintron transcribed from transgenic. Of -1,3-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis on corneal epithelial cell migration and wound! Still common throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe corneal epithelial cell migration on. Associated brain damage is still common throughout the world and prevention is simple and safe was supported by a Institute.

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