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[609] There, he offered advice on their ideas; for instance he cautioned against the Yugoslav idea for a Balkan federation incorporating Bulgaria and Albania. [527] At Tehran, the trio agreed that to prevent Germany rising to military prowess yet again, the German state should be broken up. [941] Nonetheless, some churches have kept religious icons showing Stalin since at least 2008.[942]. Stalin is too crude, and this defect which is entirely acceptable in our milieu and in relationships among us as communists, becomes unacceptable in the position of General Secretary. [279] In his private life, he divided his time between his Kremlin apartment and a dacha at Zubalova;[280] his wife gave birth to a daughter, Svetlana, in February 1926. The house where Joseph Stalin was born and where a young Joseph Stalin lived. [679] According to Montefiore, Stalin's embrace of the Russian nation was pragmatic, as the Russians were the core of the population of the USSR; it was not a rejection of his Georgian origins. (Sergei Bobylev/TASS/Getty Images . For other uses, see. [478] He formed a State Defense Committee, which he headed as Supreme Commander,[479] as well as a military Supreme Command (Stavka),[480] with Georgy Zhukov as its Chief of Staff. [446] As it wound down, Stalin sought to deflect responsibility from himself,[447] blaming its "excesses" and "violations of law" on Yezhov. [800] He enjoyed listening to classical music,[801] owning around 2,700 records,[802] and frequently attending the Bolshoi Theatre during the 1930s and 1940s. [208] Believing that victory was assured by numerical superiority, he sent large numbers of Red Army troops into battle against the region's anti-Bolshevik White armies, resulting in heavy losses; Lenin was concerned by this costly tactic. Copy. [866] Biographers like Service and Volkogonov have considered him an outstanding and exceptional politician;[867] Montefiore labelled Stalin as "that rare combination: both 'intellectual' and killer", a man who was "the ultimate politician" and "the most elusive and fascinating of the twentieth-century titans". [712] Although retaining the Marxist belief that the state would wither away as socialism transformed into pure communism, he believed that the Soviet state would remain until the final defeat of international capitalism. [347], In 1928, Stalin declared that class war between the proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed. It contained guideline proposals for changes in the Soviet political system and concise portrait assessments of six party leaders (Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, Grigory Y . [491] With Order No. [413] In May 1933, he released from prison many convicted of minor offences, ordering the security services not to enact further mass arrests and deportations. [393] Grain exports, which were a major means of Soviet payment for machinery, declined heavily. He had filled the administration of the Party with people who were loyal to him. [399] By 1938, Stalin's inner circle had gained a degree of stability, containing the personalities who would remain there until Stalin's death. [325] Stalin barred kulaks from joining these collectives. [395] In 1938, The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks), colloquially known as the Short Course, was released;[396] biographer Robert Conquest later referred to it as the "central text of Stalinism". Although the term samizdat refers specifically to the Soviet period, most notably after the death of Stalin in 1953, unauthorised publishing has a long tradition in Russia. During the same period, he carried out the Great Purges. [31] As he grew older, Stalin lost interest in priestly studies, his grades dropped,[32] and he was repeatedly confined to a cell for his rebellious behaviour. [821] People who knew him, such as Khrushchev, suggested he long harboured negative sentiments toward Jews,[822] and it has been argued that anti-Semitic trends in his policies were further fuelled by Stalin's struggle against Trotsky. [209] In Tsaritsyn, Stalin commanded the local Cheka branch to execute suspected counter-revolutionaries, sometimes without trial[210] and in contravention of government orders purged the military and food collection agencies of middle-class specialists, some of whom he also executed. [66] There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ("Proletarian Struggle"), with Philip Makharadze. [851] In any event, she suspected that he was unfaithful with other women,[852] and committed suicide in 1932. [667] A memorial service in his honour was also held at St George the Martyr, Holborn in London. members to 50 or even 100 must, in my opinion serve a double or even a treble purpose: the more members there are in the C.C., the more men will be trained in C.C. In the late 19th . [185] Although not so publicly well known as Lenin or Trotsky,[186] Stalin's importance among the Bolsheviks grew. [201] The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. [323] Stalin's message was that socialism was being established in the USSR while capitalism was crumbling amid the Wall Street crash. [108] There he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks, organised discussion groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants. Lithuania [428] In July 1937, the Politburo ordered a purge of "anti-Soviet elements" in society, targeting anti-Stalin Bolsheviks, former Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, priests, ex-White Army soldiers, and common criminals. [694] Stalin respected Lenin, but not uncritically,[699] and spoke out when he believed that Lenin was wrong. [118] Shortly after the conference, Lenin and Grigory Zinoviev decided to co-opt Stalin to the committee. His own woman [Alliluyeva] was enough for him, and he paid scant attention to her. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Notes from the 1957 Pravda publication: Below are published notes dictated by V. I. Lenin, December, 1922-January, 1923, including the "Letter to the Congress," known as the "Testament"; the letter "On Conferring Legislative Functions Upon . [334] Although he and Stalin had been close for many years,[335] Bukharin expressed concerns about these policies; he regarded them as a return to Lenin's old "war communism" policy and believed that it would fail. [72], In January 1905, government troops massacred protesters in Saint Petersburg. [720], Ethnically Georgian,[721] Stalin grew up speaking the Georgian language,[722] and did not begin learning Russian until the age of eight or nine. "[887] Service stated that Stalin "had come closer to personal despotism than almost any monarch in history" by the late 1930s. [927] In a 2021 poll, a record 70% of Russians indicated they had a mostly/very favourable view of Stalin. [516] By the end of 1943, the Soviets occupied half of the territory taken by the Germans from 1941 to 1942. [427], Repressions further intensified in December 1936 and remained at a high level until November 1938, a period known as the Great Purge. [63] There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. [340] The USSR underwent a massive economic transformation. [81] They launched attacks on the government's Cossack troops and pro-Tsarist Black Hundreds,[82] co-ordinating some of their operations with the Menshevik militia. History. [683] The historian Alfred J. Rieber noted that he had been raised in "a society where rebellion was deeply rooted in folklore and popular rituals". [306], In 1926, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism. [218] The Polish-Soviet War ended on 18 March 1921, when a peace treaty was signed in Riga. [579] In 1949, he brought Nikita Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow, appointing him a Central Committee secretary and the head of the city's party branch. He edited the party's newspaper, Pravda, and raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, kidnappings and protection rackets. "[730], Stalin had a soft voice,[731] and when speaking Russian did so slowly, carefully choosing his phrasing. Germany ended the pact by invading the Soviet Union in 1941, after which Stalin joined the Allies of World War II as one of the Big Three. It is generally taken as given that Stalin used the power this afforded him to remove his political rivals in the course of his rise to power, and in later years, to remove those officials who had reservations about his policies. The Russian economy had grown by around 14% per year. Wiki User. [536], In February 1945, the three leaders met at the Yalta Conference. [266] Some historians have questioned whether Lenin ever produced these, suggesting instead that they may have been written by Krupskaya, who had personal differences with Stalin;[254] Stalin, however, never publicly voiced concerns about their authenticity. [140] Derived from the Russian word for steel (stal),[141] this has been translated as "Man of Steel";[142] Stalin may have intended it to imitate Lenin's pseudonym. [176] Trotsky and other later Bolshevik opponents of Stalin used this as evidence that his role in the coup had been insignificant, although later historians reject this. [611] At the second Cominform conference, held in Bucharest in June 1948, East European communist leaders all denounced Tito's government, accusing them of being fascists and agents of Western capitalism. [922] In recent years, the government and general public of Russia has been accused of rehabilitating Stalin. [424] By late 1937, all remnants of collective leadership were gone from the Politburo, which was controlled entirely by Stalin. 227 in July 1942, which directed that those retreating unauthorised would be placed in "penal battalions" used as cannon fodder on the front lines. [796] An autodidact,[807] he claimed to read as many as 500 pages a day,[808] with Montefiore regarding him as an intellectual. [110] In June, he escaped the village and made it to Kotlas disguised as a woman and from there to Saint Petersburg. [179], On 26 October 1917, Lenin declared himself chairman of a new government, the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom"). [915] Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. [606] In November 1948, he abolished the JAC,[632] and show trials took place for some of its members. [326] Although officially voluntary, many peasants joined the collectives out of fear they would face the fate of the kulaks; others joined amid intimidation and violence from party loyalists. Such titles used by heads of state and/or government during the Second World War include: Fhrer ("leader" or "guide") Adolf Hitler, from 1934 to 1945, dictator of Germany (formally " Fhrer and Reich Chancellor "). [346] His speeches and articles reflected his utopian vision of the Soviet Union rising to unparalleled heights of human development, creating a "new Soviet person". [ 2] Without providing a clear successor, he left the party in chaos and the in-fighting and division . [216] When the Red Third Regiment defected, he ordered the public execution of captured defectors. [77] Amid the growing violence throughout Georgia he formed further Battle Squads, with the Mensheviks doing the same. [30] According to Stalin's biographer Simon Sebag Montefiore, they became "minor Georgian classics"[31] and were included in various anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. [59] Held first in Batumi Prison[60] and then Kutaisi Prison,[61] in mid-1903 he was sentenced to three years of exile in eastern Siberia. [177] According to the historian Oleg Khlevniuk, Stalin "filled an important role [in the October Revolution] as a senior Bolshevik, member of the party's Central Committee, and editor of its main newspaper";[178] the historian Stephen Kotkin similarly noted that Stalin had been "in the thick of events" in the build-up to the coup. [261] The USSR's formation was ratified in December 1922; although officially a federal system, all major decisions were taken by the governing Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in Moscow. [525], In November 1943, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt in Tehran, a location of Stalin's choosing. [643] That same month, a much publicised trial of accused Jewish industrial wreckers took place in Ukraine. [290], In late 1924, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from key positions. [850] It is unclear if Stalin ever had a mistress during or after his marriage to Alliluyeva. [928] The same year, a survey by the Center showed that Joseph Stalin was named by 39% of Russians as the "most outstanding national figure of all time" and, while nobody received an absolute majority, Stalin was very clearly in first place, followed by another Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin with 30% and Russian poet Alexander Pushkin with 23%. [409] Germany and Italy backed the Nationalist faction, which was ultimately victorious in March 1939. [544] As the Red Army had conquered German territory, they discovered the extermination camps that the Nazi administration had run. [885] Dmitri Volkogonov characterised him as "one of the most powerful figures in human history. Around 40 people were killed, but all of his gang escaped alive. [920] In October 2017, Putin opened the Wall of Grief memorial in Moscow, noting that the "terrible past" would neither be "justified by anything" nor "erased from the national memory. [557] His armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe. Stalin had called for the Chinese Communists to ally themselves with Kuomintang (KMT) nationalists, viewing a Communist-Kuomintang alliance as the best bulwark against Japanese imperial expansionism. [646] He was very interested in the reigns of Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. [714], Stalin viewed nations as contingent entities which were formed by capitalism and could merge into others. [515] Germany attempted an encirclement attack at Kursk, which was successfully repulsed by the Soviets. [588] Although Stalin publicly described the British and U.S. governments as aggressive, he thought it unlikely that a war with them would be imminent, believing that several decades of peace was likely. What title was Stalin given in 1922? [649] There, he emphasised what he regarded as leadership qualities necessary in the future and highlighted the weaknesses of various potential successors, particularly Molotov and Mikoyan. [740] He was born with a webbed left foot, and his left arm had been permanently injured in childhood which left it shorter than his right and lacking in flexibility,[741] which was probably the result of being hit, at the age of 12, by a horse-drawn carriage. [626] The U.S. went to the UN Security Councilwhich the Soviets were boycotting over its refusal to recognise Mao's governmentand secured international military support for the South Koreans. [583] Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine-hit areas. [519] When Stalin learned that people in Western countries affectionately called him "Uncle Joe" he was initially offended, regarding it as undignified. In 1939, his regime signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, resulting in the Soviet invasion of Poland. [452] Stalin initiated a military build-up, with the Red Army more than doubling between January 1939 and June 1941, although in its haste to expand many of its officers were poorly trained. In 1922, Stalin was appointed to another such post, as General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee. [126] After two months, Stalin and Sverdlov escaped back to Saint Petersburg. [563], Despite his strengthened international position, Stalin was cautious about internal dissent and desire for change among the population. [192] He took Nadezhda Alliluyeva as his secretary[193] and at some point married her, although the wedding date is unknown. Malenkov denounced the Stalin personality cult,[911] which was subsequently criticised in Pravda. [729] Montefiore was of the view that "after 1917, [Stalin] became quadri-national: Georgian by nationality, Russian by loyalty, internationalist by ideology, Soviet by citizenship. 563 ], in 1926, Stalin met with Churchill and Roosevelt Tehran... To 1942 co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola ( `` Proletarian Struggle '',. Proletariat and their enemies would intensify as socialism developed [ 942 ] Without... Months, Stalin published On Questions of Leninism groups, and ordered the killing of suspected informants George the,. Was subsequently criticised in Pravda marriage to Alliluyeva 393 ] Grain exports, which was subsequently criticised Pravda. [ 290 ], in 1928, Stalin moved against Kamenev and Zinoviev, removing their supporters from positions! 557 ] his armies controlled Central and Eastern Europe up to the River Elbe view Stalin! 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