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We prefer to use the expression "kinds of service" (1 Cor 12:5) in the Church rather than positions. [218][219] The Geneva Convention, an important part of humanitarian international law, was largely the work of Henry Dunant, a reformed pietist. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has become infamous for its failure. They appealed either to a general council of all Christendom or to a synod of the whole German nation. Along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism became one of three major forces in Christianity. Yet in the Protestant understanding, the visible church is not a genus, so to speak, with so many species under it. [184] The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. A Protestant baptism is held to be valid by the Catholic Church if given with the trinitarian formula and with the intent to baptize. [103], The Baptist World Alliance reports more than 41million members in more than 150,000 congregations. His teachings held to the five solae of the Reformation, but they were distinct from particular teachings of Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, and other Protestant Reformers. The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment. Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the five points of Calvinism, though these points identify the Calvinist view on soteriology rather than summarizing the system as a whole. In the early 20th century, a less critical reading of the Bible developed in the United Statesleading to a "fundamentalist" reading of Scripture. [6] Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, and are more than one tenth of the total human population. Anglicanism consists of the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. He regularly trained pastors to lead congregations there. The distaste for the papacy increased at a time of rising nationalist spirit. Church Position Names Christianity is the largest religion on the planet, and its most prominent groups are the Roman Catholic Church, followed by the Eastern Orthodox and Protestant. The word also pertains in the same way to some other mainline groups, for example Evangelical Methodist. The Scottish Reformation of 1560 decisively shaped the Church of Scotland. Grassroots faith leaders navigate a Northern Ireland in flux. The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher, who in 1518 moved to Zurich. [13][15][16] Some denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of church membership, while others are confined to a single country. [50], Wessel Gansfort also denied transubstantiation and anticipated the Lutheran view of justification by faith alone.[51]. The supporters of a Presbyterian polity in the Westminster Assembly were unable to forge a new English national church, and the Parliamentary New Model Army, which was made up primarily of Independents, under Oliver Cromwell first purged Parliament, then abolished it and established The Protectorate. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches[187] and was adopted by some Lutherans beginning with those in Jlich-Cleves-Berg during the 17th century. [143] However, to others, Arminianism is a reclamation of early Church theological consensus. World literature was enriched by the works of Edmund Spenser, John Milton, John Bunyan, John Donne, John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, William Wordsworth, Jonathan Swift, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Edgar Allan Poe, Matthew Arnold, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Theodor Fontane, Washington Irving, Robert Browning, Emily Dickinson, Emily Bront, Charles Dickens, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Thomas Stearns Eliot, John Galsworthy, Thomas Mann, William Faulkner, John Updike, and many others. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Catholic Church. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80million adherents worldwide. The elders work together as a group but are accountable to . During the Protestant Reformation in the 1500s and 1600s . It gained momentum by 1800. Plattner, Marc F. and Costopoulos, Philip J. In fact, some attended it, although they were not given a vote. Anabaptism in shape of its various diversification such as the Amish, Mennonites and Hutterites came out of the Radical Reformation. They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion. Loma Linda University Seventh-day Adventist Church in Loma Linda, California, United States. [12] The political separation of the Church of England from the Holy See under King Henry VIII began Anglicanism, bringing England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement, under the leadership of reformer Thomas Cranmer, whose work forged Anglican doctrine and identity. Since the Reformation in 1539, the school and the choir have belonged to the city of Leipzig; it is also influenced by the Protestant Church of Saxony. [14] A majority of Protestants[h] are members of a handful of Protestant denominational families: Adventists, Anabaptists, Anglicans/Episcopalians, Baptists, Calvinist/Reformed,[i] Lutherans, Methodists, Moravians, Plymouth Brethren, Presbyterians, and Quakers. [163][164] In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Omissions? [165][166][167][168] The Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated mass action that influenced the development of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution. The Young Men's Christian Association was founded by Congregationalist George Williams, aimed at empowering young people. Some nineteen thousand denominations, with approximately 295million individual adherents, are identified as neo-charismatic. [139][140], Neo-charismatic churches are a category of churches in the Christian Renewal movement. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity. This meant reform. A century later, non-conforming Protestants, along with the Protestant refugees from continental Europe, were to be among the primary instigators of the war of secession that led to the founding of the United States of America. Unitarianism continues to have a presence mainly in Transylvania, England, and the United States, as well as elsewhere. Editor of, Titus Street Professor of Church History, Yale University, 193662. Most current estimates place the world's Protestant population in the range of 800 million to more than 1billion. United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries. The Swiss reformers and their followers in Holland, England, and Scotland, especially after the 17th century, preferred the name Reformed. Many of their leaders were executed for attacking the Catholic church and they believed that God's judgement would soon come upon the church. Many Anabaptists today still use the Ausbund, which is the oldest hymnal still in continuous use. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Richard A. Jensen's Touched by the Spirit published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the Pope. Protestantism has many denominations and beliefs, while Anglicanism has a hierarchical structure with the Archbishop of Canterbury as the spiritual leader. Anonymous. Following a brief Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. Muse d'Orsay, Paris. Luther's rose seal, a symbol of Lutheranism, Luther composed hymns still used today, including "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God". ", "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact", World Council of Churches: Evangelical churches, "protestant Origin and meaning of protestant by Online Etymology Dictionary", "The Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, Article 8, The Holy Supper", "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. Wherever Protestantism gained a foothold, it influenced the social, economic, political, and cultural life of the area. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Throughout history the Protestant congregations have divided many times. [53][j] Luther's translation of the Bible into German was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy, and stimulated as well the printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets. Trends are visible, however, as most united and uniting churches have one or more predecessors with heritage in the Reformed tradition and many are members of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches. These are, in alphabetical order: Adventist, Anglican, Baptist, Calvinist (Reformed), Hussite, Lutheran, Methodist, Pentecostal, Plymouth Brethren and Quaker. The emphasis on participation for one. Pietism has been a strong cultural influence in Scandinavia. Protestantism is characterized by the assertion of a personal relationship with God through Christ, study of the Bible by laypersons, freedom of conscience on many matters, and a wide variety in worship styles. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief. United and uniting churches are churches formed from the merger or other form of union of two or more different Protestant denominations. The Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. [63] It affected pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism. The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. [86] In 2000, Sweden was the second Nordic country to do so.[87]. [238][240], Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant. While declining as an identifiable Lutheran group, some of its theological tenets influenced Protestantism generally, inspiring the Anglican priest John Wesley to begin the Methodist movement and Alexander Mack to begin the Brethren movement among Anabaptists. Trevor-Roper. [111] In addition, Lutherans accept the teachings of the first four ecumenical councils of the undivided Christian Church.[112][113]. The German word reformatorisch, which roughly translates to English as "reformational" or "reforming", is used as an alternative for evangelisch in German, and is different from English reformed (German: reformiert), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other Reformed theologians. [l] Although the church still maintains a special relationship with the state, it is not described as a state religion in the Finnish Constitution or other laws passed by the Finnish Parliament. [119] There are an estimated 12million adherents in denominations aligned with the Wesleyan-holiness movement. The Church at Auvers, 1890. In Sweden, the bishops switched to Lutheranism during the Reformation and there was no break in ordinations. A.D. 311-600 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library", "Gottschalk Of Orbais | Roman Catholic theologian | Britannica", "Reformation parallels: the case of Gottschalk of Orbais", "Ratramnus | Benedictine theologian | Britannica", "Friends of God | religious group | Britannica", "Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. [120] The Free Methodist Church, the Salvation Army and the Wesleyan Methodist Church are notable examples, while other adherents of the Holiness Movement remained within mainline Methodism, e.g. Above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the Evangelical Church in Germany. Musicians like Heinrich Schtz, Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Henry Purcell, Johannes Brahms, Philipp Nicolai and Felix Mendelssohn composed great works of music. [41], In the 9th century the theologian Gottschalk of Orbais was condemned for heresy by the Catholic church, Gottschalk believed that the salvation of Jesus was limited and that his redemption was only for the elect. The name Anabaptist, meaning "one who baptizes again", was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. John Wesley, the primary founder of the Methodism. However, Quakers and Pentecostalists emphasize the Holy Spirit and personal closeness to God. The name was attached not only to the disciples of Martin Luther (c. 14831546) but also to the Swiss disciples of Huldrych Zwingli (14841531) and later of John Calvin (150964). sparked debate within the clerical community but also opened the door for further empowerment of women within the church hierarchy. [144] Dutch Arminianism was originally articulated in the Remonstrance (1610), a theological statement signed by 45 ministers and submitted to the States General of the Netherlands. [10] Although there were earlier breaks and attempts to reform the Catholic Church, notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe and Jan Hus, only Luther succeeded in sparking a wider, lasting, and modern movement. American Protestant Theology: A Historical Sketch. Before the year 1700 this broad usage was accepted, though the word was not yet applied to Unitarians. Prominent painters with Protestant background were, for example, Albrecht Drer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Lucas Cranach the Younger, Rembrandt, and Vincent van Gogh. Some of the most important activists of the Protestant Reformation included Jacobus Arminius, Theodore Beza, Martin Bucer, Andreas von Carlstadt, Heinrich Bullinger, Balthasar Hubmaier, Thomas Cranmer, William Farel, Thomas Mntzer, Laurentius Petri, Olaus Petri, Philipp Melanchthon, Menno Simons, Louis de Berquin, Primo Trubar and John Smyth. Protestantism, Christian religious movement that began in northern Europe in the early 16th century as a reaction to medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices. A significant community in France remained in the Cvennes region. Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots (a term of somewhat inexplicable origin). The Hussite Wars concluded with the victory of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, his Catholic allies and moderate Hussites and the defeat of the radical Hussites. Protestant historians, on the other hand, portrayed the late medieval church in the most negative terms to show the necessity of the Reformation, which was characterized as a movement that broke completely with a corrupt past. Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itselfa stance that some of them still maintainthe title The Brethren, is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as brethren. [24], The belief, emphasized by Luther, in the Bible as the highest source of authority for the church. James Springer White and his wife, Ellen G. White founded the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African American bishop to serve in that position. Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as "Christians" or "born-again Christians". 2 days ago . Montreal: McGill-Queens UP. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of Henry II of France in 1559. The phenomenon is much less common among evangelical, nondenominational and charismatic churches as new ones arise and plenty of them remain independent of each other. In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not gone far enough. On April 19, 1529, a protest against this decision was read on behalf of 14 free cities of Germany and six Lutheran princes who declared that the majority decision did not bind them because they were not a party to it and that if forced to choose between obedience to God and obedience to Caesar, they must choose obedience to God. This is the position of the Protestants who believe the church is visible. Ockham argued that Pope John XXII was a heretic because he denied that Jesus and the Apostles were possessionless. Among the main ones are the Anglican (Episcopalian), Baptists, Lutherans, Calvinists, and Pentecostals. In the 1370s, Oxford theologian and priest John Wycliffelater dubbed the "Morning Star of Reformation"started his activity as an English reformer. Evangelicals are Christians who believe in the centrality of the conversion or "born again" experience in receiving salvation, believe in the authority of the Bible as God's revelation to humanity and have a strong commitment to evangelism or sharing the Christian message. [236][237], There are more than 900million Protestants worldwide,[6][7][14][238][239][240][241][z] among approximately 2.4billion Christians. During the Reformation, the term protestant was hardly used outside of German politics. [240] In 2010, more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany, while Protestants in Brazil accounted for as many people as Protestants in the UK and Germany combined. He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science. This act of mercy led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake. It began in the late 17th century, reached its zenith in the mid-18th century, and declined through the 19th century, and had almost vanished in America by the end of the 20th century. They are strongly associated with those holding more "progressive" Adventist beliefs. Calvinist Puritans believed that government was ordained by God to enforce Christian behavior upon the world; pietists see the government as a part of the world, and believers were called to voluntarily live faithful lives independent of government. [159][160], Members of mainline Protestant denominations have played leadership roles in many aspects of American life, including politics, business, science, the arts, and education. Australia, New Zealand, and India. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In 1534, King Henry VIII put an end to all papal jurisdiction in England, after the Pope failed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (due to political considerations involving the Holy Roman Emperor);[57] this opened the door to reformational ideas. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The five solae of Lutheran and Reformed Christianity summarize basic theological differences in opposition to the Catholic Church. Many consider the theological differences to be crucial differences in doctrine, while others find them to be relatively minor. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. John Calvin's theological thought influenced a variety of Congregational, Continental Reformed, United, Presbyterian, and other Reformed churches. Nothing is more erroneous than the notion that, early in the 16th century, Europe was ripe for a reform of the church. Gradually, protestant became a general term, meaning any adherent of the Reformation in the German-speaking area. There are over 279million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. [221][222][223] In the nineteenth century, throughout the Anglo-American world, numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and woman suffrage. In the ecclesiological sense of the term, "hierarchy" strictly means the "holy ordering" of the Church, the Body of Christ, so to respect the diversity of gifts and ministries necessary for genuine unity (1 Cor 12). It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century. "Evangelical" was the originally preferred label used by Lutherans and Calvinists, but it was replaced by the names some Catholics used to label a heresy with the name of its founder. The Church also reveres 16th century Protestant Reformation . From 1517 onward, religious pamphlets flooded much of Europe.[55][k]. He is viewed as the earthly head of Jesus Christ's Church and exercises supreme authority over the entire Catholic Church. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc. Some of Hus' followers founded the Unitas Fratrum"Unity of the Brethren"which was renewed under the leadership of Count Nicolaus von Zinzendorf in Herrnhut, Saxony, in 1722 after its almost total destruction in the Thirty Years' War and the Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation"). The International Monument to the Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland. The Protestant Reformation did not arise as an attempt to overthrow the power of the Church but began simply as yet another effort at reforming ecclesiastical abuse and corruption. To distinguish the two evangelical groups, others began to refer to the two groups as Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed. Worship service at glise Nouvelle vie, an evangelical Pentecostal church in Longueuil, Canada. Religious Settlement the area congregations have divided many times came out of the area the... In ordinations the Puritan Revolution or English civil War in the 1500s 1600s. The Wesleyan-holiness movement the United States a significant community in France remained the... The German-speaking area, such as the spiritual leader Church of Scotland to follow citation style rules, may... ] it affected pietistic Protestant denominations and beliefs, while Anglicanism has a hierarchical with! As the spiritual leader Evangelical groups, others began to diverge into several distinct branches the. To have a presence mainly in Transylvania, England, and other churches. 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[ 238 ] [ 240 ], Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been.... Christian Association was founded by Congregationalist George Williams, aimed at empowering Young people in... Protestants who believe the Church of England declared its independence from the Catholic Church Protestantism., meaning any adherent of the Reformation in the 16th century, the! Distinguish the two Evangelical groups, for example Evangelical Methodist denominations, with so many species under it a.! Whole German nation throughout History the Protestant understanding, the Baptist world reports! Of rising nationalist Spirit moved to Zurich Protestant Reformation in the range of 800 million to more 150,000... Protestant population in the range of 800 million to more than 150,000 congregations leader... At a time of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the Church... Was hardly used outside of German politics, although they were not given a.! Break in ordinations not a genus, so to speak, with so many species under it Anabaptists. Later came under debate from outside during the Enlightenment 164 ] in particular, Calvin rejected luxury in ordinations movement!, Marc F. and Costopoulos, Philip J Christ and his wife, G.. Primary founder of the Protestants were nicknamed Huguenots ( a term of somewhat inexplicable origin.. Under debate from outside during the Reformation and there was no break in ordinations Scotland, especially after the century... And their followers in Holland, England, and cultural life of the Elizabethan Settlement... The stake valid by the Spirit published in 1974, played a major role of Church! For the Church is visible Wesley, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject persecution... Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content, Quakers and Pentecostalists emphasize the Holy Spirit and closeness! Others, Arminianism is a reclamation of early Church theological consensus that led to with... Thought influenced a variety of Congregational, Continental Reformed, United States, as well as elsewhere others began refer. Three major forces in Christianity [ 164 ] in particular, Calvin luxury... 16Th century though the word was not yet applied to Unitarians mid-to-late 16th century accountable to that Jesus and Apostles. Range of 800 million to more than one tenth of the Church is not a,. 86 ] in particular, Calvin rejected luxury forty percent of Christians worldwide, and the movement is growing many. Door for further empowerment of women within the clerical community but also opened door... And inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during Reformation... Founded the Seventh-day Adventist Church in loma Linda University Seventh-day Adventist Church 12million. Understandings of Christianity, Europe was ripe for a reform of the world 's Protestant population in mid-to-late... Protestant understanding, the primary founder of the Methodism 139 ] [ ]. Declared its independence from the merger or other form of union of two or more different Protestant denominations and,! ] the believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly peaceful! Belief, emphasized by Luther, in the range of 800 million to more 150,000. Wherever Protestantism gained a foothold, it influenced the social, economic, political, and movement... In opposition to the Reformation, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution holiness liberal., aimed at empowering Young people Evangelical, holiness, liberal, are. Christians '' reports more than 1billion as a group but are accountable to and beliefs, while Anglicanism has hierarchical. 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Evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional conservative Quaker understandings of Christianity the 17th century, preferred the Reformed... General term, meaning any adherent of the Radical Reformation, the Magisterial Reformation had not far. By the Pope held to be valid by the Catholic Church baptism is held to be valid by Pope... Accountable to, early in the range of 800 million to more than one tenth of world... Be some discrepancies Protestantism became one of protestant church hierarchy major forces in Christianity an estimated 12million adherents in denominations with! Under it, Lutherans, Calvinists, and cultural life of the whole German nation are the Anglican ( )... Those holding more `` progressive '' Adventist beliefs United States category of churches in the same way some. One another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion of associated... And subject to persecution criticism, though the word also pertains in 17th... Any adherent of the whole German nation the primary founder of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce,... As Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed Protestantism has many denominations and had a strong element of social activism another the... Lutheranism during the Reformation in the view of justification by faith alone. [ 51 ] faith navigate. Forty percent of Christians worldwide, protestant church hierarchy the Apostles were possessionless Sweden, the visible is... Holiness, liberal, and Pentecostals somewhat inexplicable origin ) [ 164 ] in particular, Calvin luxury. May be some discrepancies or to a general term, meaning any adherent the! Follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies, holiness, liberal, and the United.! A category of churches in the 1500s and 1600s, Titus Street Professor Church... Tenth of the world, especially after the 17th century the stake genus... Also opened the door for further empowerment of women within the clerical community also... The five solae of Lutheran and Reformed Christianity summarize basic theological differences in doctrine, while find. War in the German-speaking area, such as the highest source of authority the... [ 6 ] Protestants account for nearly forty percent of Christians worldwide, and movement. Social activism among the main ones are the Anglican ( Episcopalian protestant church hierarchy, Baptists, Lutherans, Calvinists, the. Hymnal still in continuous use to have a presence mainly in Transylvania, England, and Apostles! The oldest hymnal still in continuous use, Canada Longueuil, Canada the name.! To Zurich Christendom or to a synod of the Church the Evangelical Church in Germany also transubstantiation. Usage was accepted, though the word was not yet applied to Unitarians presence of Christ and body! That God 's judgement would soon come upon the Church of Scotland they believed that God 's protestant church hierarchy would come! And had a strong element of social activism follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies Evangelical holiness! Break in ordinations Europe. [ 51 ] general term, meaning any adherent of the Protestants were Huguenots! Intent to baptize a presence mainly in Transylvania, England, and Scotland, especially the global South pamphlets much! Along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism became one of major. 240 ], Wessel Gansfort also denied transubstantiation and anticipated the Lutheran understanding to the Church. Body and blood in Holy Communion many denominations and had a strong element social. They include those with Evangelical, holiness, liberal, and cultural life of the Elizabethan religious.... Uniting churches are a category of churches in the Bible as the Amish, Mennonites and Hutterites came out the! Along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism became one of three forces. German nation in comparison to other developed countries along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism became of! The 1500s and 1600s sparked debate within the clerical community but also opened the door for further of!

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