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Longitudinal weight gain and related risk behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic in adults in the U.S. Self-quarantine and weight gain related risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regular physical activity and a healthy diet can help prevent, fight and recover from this disease and prevent future obesity-related complications. Later on, the survey link was circulated through utilizing different popular social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, WhatsApp, Imo, etc.). These results may prove to be useful inputs in policymaking decisions regarding potential actions to combat the exacerbated adult obesity epidemic as the COVID-19 pandemic subsides. PLoS ONE 17(3): Project administration, Obese patients were more vulnerable to developing severe complications of the COVID-19 disease [1517]; which is also reported in the previous viral outbreaks [49]. Data were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22 and Microsoft excel 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.01.012. The overall N=1,907,798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024, Editor: Enamul Kabir, University of Southern Queensland, AUSTRALIA, Received: July 20, 2021; Accepted: March 11, 2022; Published: March 24, 2022. Though prior studies provide insights into how obesity prevalence changed during the pandemic, it is unclear whether results from nonrepresentative samples generalize to the broader adult population. During the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. adult obesity rates were higher and worsened the pre-existing epidemic of adult obesity in the U.S. Higher rates of alcohol consumption and lower smoking rates may have contributed to the higher rates of adult obesity in the U.S during the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, the age group was significantly associated with both before and during pandemic BMI statuses (2 = 26.771, p<0.001, and 2 = 18.274, p<0.05, respectively). In this study, the participants inclusion criteria were being Bangladeshi people and age 18 years. [58] advised that to prevent the future burden of psychiatric and cardiometabolic disorders after the COVID-19 era, strategies focusing on healthiest lifestyle behavior, where a healthy diet plan and regular physical exercise at home should be included. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click A lock ( Brandon J. Restrepo: Conceptualization; Data Curation; Formal Analysis; Investigation; Methodology; Validation; Visualization; Writing - Original Draft; Writing - Review and Editing. A structured questionnaire concerning socio-demographic, health-related issues, physical activity, and diet plan was adhered to a survey link to collect data. Writing review & editing, Affiliations Please enter a term before submitting your search. Therefore, how the COVID-19 pandemic has changed the physical activities of individuals and its impacts on the Body Mass Index (BMI) is explored herein. CDC recognition of adult obesity as an epidemic dates to 1999. That is, 12.7% of individuals reported reducing their weight by following an appropriate diet plan during the COVID-19 pandemic. The effectiveness of physical activity can also be increased by dietary modification [54]. p411 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The prepandemic n=3,349,482 and intra-pandemic n=257,790. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Obesity Prevalence Among U.S. The primary independent variable of interest (.

With disrupting peoples quality of life, the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted physical and mental health worldwide [4,5]. Significantly higher rates of any exercise participation (+4.4%, p<0.01, N=3,607,272), average sleep hours in a 24-hour period (+1.5%, p<0.01, N=1,907,798), average alcoholic drink days in the past month (+2.7%, p<0.05, N=3,577,090), and lower rates of smoking at least some days (4%, p<0.01, N=3,625,180) were also observed. Like other countries, to control and suppress the transmission of this deadly infectious virus, the mandatory lockdown has been imposed by the government of Bangladesh, where all sorts of public activities are restricted [2,3]. Inferential statistics (i.e., chi-square test, McNemar test) were used to measure the associations between BMI and studied variables with a consideration of two scenarios (before and during the pandemic inception), where p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. However, none of those above studies provided information on (i) the prevalence of overweight/obesity for before and during the pandemic, (ii) the associations of socio-demographics and physical activities with the BMI changes during the pandemic (compared to before the pandemic). In the present study, p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was no significant role of socio-demographic (e.g., gender, age, current residence, occupation) or physical activity-related factors (e.g., unavailability of outdoor space, not performing regular physical exercise, exercising with a partner) in changing the BMI status after the pandemic inception. Conceptualization, here. Is the Subject Area "Pandemics" applicable to this article? Obesity is a modifiable risk factor of non-communicable diseases as well as the COVID-19. Where, among young adults (2330 years) overweight was 33.6%, which increased to 41.8% after the inception of the pandemic.

Due to social movement restrictions, people could not go outside, which persuaded people to be physically inactive.

This study adhered to the Helsinki Declaration 2013 guideline [30]. image, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-014-0129-4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.10.006, https://doi.org/10.15406/aowmc.2020.10.00312, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003, Average hours of sleep in a 24-hour period, Number of days in the past month alcohol was consumed, Currently, smoking some days or every day, Never attended school or only kindergarten, College 4 years or more (college graduate), Married or a member of an unmarried couple, Number of children under 18 years of age in the household. A major strength of this study is its ability to estimate intra-pandemic obesity prevalence rates and obesity-related risk factors using a large nationally representative survey. As the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded, several studies collected small and relatively homogenous samples to track U.S. adult obesity rates and obesity-related risk factors. Copyright: 2022 Akter et al. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Walking or stretching for 34 minutes daily and following a healthy diet to boost the immune system is highly recommended [59]. No, Is the Subject Area "Overweight" applicable to this article? In the context of COVID-19, there is a study investigating the prevalence of physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors [28]. The lockdown-related features include (i) social distancing for general people, (ii) quarantine for suspected cases, (iii) isolation for confirmed cases, etc. Therefore, developing reliable and fitted recommendations and tools to promote health and avoid the future burden of non-communicable diseases associated with obesity is highly recommended with a special concern to the risky individuals. Citation: Akter T, Zeba Z, Hosen I, Al-Mamun F, Mamun MA (2022) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on BMI: Its changes in relation to socio-demographic and physical activity patterns based on a short period.

All analyses were conducted using Stata, version 17. As these measures are often misreported, they were adjusted for measurement error using a percentile-based approach with data from the 2011 to March 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The overall N=3,577,090. As aforementioned, the COVID-19 crisis has already increased sedentary behaviors and unhealthy lifestyles, especially among youths [1820], which are the common predictor that can impact BMI [21,22]. Nearly three-fourths of the participants (i.e., 73.7%) had no healthy diet plan during the pandemic. Conceptualization, In addition, where the relationships between changes in BMI (increased, decreased, and neutral) during the pandemic from before the pandemic and the studied socio-demographic and physical activity -related variables were presented based on the Chi-square tests (Tables 3 & 4). PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Thus, further studies involving more robust methodologies with a larger sample size are recommended to determine the actual reason for being overweight and obese and establish causal inference. Several behaviors that can influence obesity riskexercise, sleep duration, alcohol use, and smokingare also examined to help explain observed changes in average BMI and obesity prevalence rates. A structured questionnaire was used for collecting the participants information about gender, age, current residence (e.g., village, Upazila [sub-district], or district [city]), types of the house (e.g., lower = separate pucca house, middle = tin shed house, or high quality = flat house/apartment building) and occupation (e.g., students, service holder, health care professionals, businessman, engineer, housewife, and others). That means the prevalence of overweight increased by 4.4% after the pandemic inception (p = 0.046).

The COVID-19 pandemic is undoubtedly a major threat to the world. LockA locked padlock The effect of smoking on obesity: evidence from a randomized trial.

Furthermore, suffering from migraine pain was not significantly associated with altering BMI status in the present study.

Address correspondence to: Brandon J. Restrepo, PhD, Diet, Safety and Health Economics Branch, Food Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 355 E Street, Southwest, Washington DC 20024. An official website of the United States government. Therefore, the importance of the appropriate diet plan should be considered while implementing any policies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. adult obesity rates were higher and worsened the pre-existing epidemic of adult obesity in the U.S. Higher rates of alcohol consumption and lower smoking rates may have contributed to the higher rates of adult obesity in the U.S during the COVID-19 pandemic. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/coronavirus-disease-covid-19, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight, https://www.thedailystar.net/health/obesity-increasing-in-bangladesh-younger-generation-1637107, https://www.who.int/diabetes/country-profiles/bgd_en.pdf, https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024.t001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024.t002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024.t003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266024.t004. e0266024. The overall N=3,607,272. (Table 4). Another study reported that 43% reduced physical activity, where 34% of participants had overeaten [48]. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. However, the rate of overweight during the pandemic (34.9%) is remarkably similar to the previous studies [45,46], where 38.8% and 37.3% of the participants increased their body weight on an average of 2.6 kg between 1 to 3 kg, respectively. However, being an exploratory study, the findings reported herein will be helpful for future studies and health policymakers to adopt strategies preventing the double burden of diseases, COVID-19 and obesity. Body weight changes during pandemic-related shelter-in-place in a longitudinal cohort study. The prepandemic n=3,374,039 and intra-pandemic n=251,141. The causes of obesity: an in-depth review. Methodology, Similarly, about 64.2% reported having outdoor space for exercise before the pandemic, whereas a negligible reduction (63.3%) was found during the pandemic. Being a cross-sectional study with small sample size, the present study can be limited. Formal analysis, Obesity is already a hidden pandemic in the twenty-first century [11].

Project administration, Writing review & editing, Affiliations Data curation, Therefore, although minor portions of the people reported increasing their BMI status, concerns should be provided in regulating the modifiable risk factors. Therefore, physical activity is a significant lifestyle behavior in long-term weight reduction, and maintaining an ideal weight, and there is no beyond following it [54]. The overall N=3,625,180. Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Roles Competing interests: The authors of the research work do not have any conflict of interest. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, obese people are more susceptible to the worse outcome of COVID-19 symptoms, including poor quality of life concerned with medical attention such as more extended hospital stay, type-2 respiratory failure, shift into ICU, and increased mortality rate [1517]. Adjusting body mass for measurement error with invalid validation data. The prepandemic n=3,328,705 and intra-pandemic n=248,385. This research was supported by the Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Department of Epidemiology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Roles No, Is the Subject Area "COVID 19" applicable to this article? The ERS researcher also examined four behaviors that can influence the risk of obesityexercise, hours of sleep, alcohol use, and cigarette smokingto help explain changes in adult obesity prevalence rates.

In Tables 1 & 2, based on Chi-square tests, the associations of socio-demographics (Table 1) and physical activity-related variables (Table 2) with both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were presented. Participants were asked questions regarding their physical activities based on two time periods (that is, before and after 6-month of the pandemic inception). Resources, Also, before the projects initiation, formal ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee at the Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology of Bangladesh (reference number: IRBIACIB/CEC/03202028/653).

BMI status during before and during the pandemic and its changes after the pandemic inception were considered as the dependent variables, whereas socio-demographics, and physical activities-related variables were the predictors. In addition, having a diet plan during the pandemic was significantly associated with the BMI change (2 = 9.580, p<0.05). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.01.012. In addition, normal and underweight status was decreased with a rate of 4.1% and 0.3%, respectively, where the rate remains stable for obesity (Fig 1).

An online-based cross-sectional study collected data from 338 Bangladeshi adults in November 2020. The difference between before the COVID-19 pandemic BMI and during the COVID-19 pandemic BMI was assessed using the McNemar test. The medical care costs of obesity: an instrumental variables approach. Writing original draft,

Supervision, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.01.012, Obesity Prevalence Among U.S. Future work exploiting longitudinal data to explore the dynamics of weight status among the same individuals during the pandemic would be useful.

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