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A wave of panic gripped McRaes men, who turned and fled, causing the remnants of Hoods brigades to fall back as well. As the Union troops came into view, more enemy guns under Colonel Stephen D. Lee, sited on the high ground opposite the Dunker Church, hit the attackers in their front. Unable to remain in command, he left the scene convinced that Union forces were poised to drive the Confederates into the Potomac. Antietam, the deadliest one-day battle in American military history, showed that the Union could stand against the Confederate army in the Eastern theater. Bodies in front of the Dunker Church - Antietam Battlefield (Library of Congress) In the nether world of the West Woods, choked with the bodies of the dead and wounded and shrouded in the misty blue-gray smoke of musketry and artillery fire, the North Carolinians struck with a vengeance. Meanwhile, Colonel D.K. Occasionally, a nervous picket fired into the darkness. In August of 2021, the Park Service rerouted the Cornfield Trail to include more of East Woods and . It explains what happened in Antietam's Cornfield and why. The pockets and cartridge pouches of the dead and wounded were ransacked, and soldiers handed muskets to those with better shots at the enemy. Gen. Abram Duryeas 1st Brigade, stepped off to Gibbons left. The number increased, and larger and larger grew the field of the blue until it seemed to stretch as far as the eye could see, and from the tops of the mountains down to the edges of the stream gathered the great army of . Franklins VI Corps was held in reserve. This article about the American Civil War is a stub. He takes his opportunity on September 22. The Battle of Antietam, America's bloodiest single day, immediately claimed 3,654 lives and generated an additional 8,772 wounded and missing casualties on both sides, many of whom should properly be moved to the "killed" category. Miller's Cornfield (usually referred to as 'the Cornfield') is a section of the Antietam battlefield of the American Civil War . Maj. Gen. Fitz-John Porters V Corps occupied the Union center along the hills east of Antietam Creek, while Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside positioned his IX Corps opposite the lower bridge and the bluffs that commanded the approaches. In a letter to his wife, Mary, Lincoln joked, We are about to be photographed. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.The Battle of Antietam. The first reports of the Confederate move into Maryland arrived in Washington on the afternoon of September 4, prompting McClellan to begin moving at a deliberate pace from his encampment at Rockville, Maryland. Halt, 102nd, he ordered. The exaggerated estimates played on McClellans natural tendency toward caution and contributed to his lack of aggressiveness. This assault on Robert E. Lee's forces began the Battle of Antietam, the single bloodiest day of the Civil War. For generations of Americans, the word Antietam - the name of a bucolic stream in western Maryland - held the same sense of horror and carnage that the date 9/11 does for Americans today. The Civil War was in the midst of its second costly year, and the Union armies had yet to win a significant victory in the eastern theater. Confederate Gen. John Bell Hood wrote: "It was here that I witnessed the most terrible clash of arms, by far, that has occurred during the war." From his headquarters at Chantilly, Virginia, Lee wrote to Confederate President Jefferson Davis of his intent to carry the war to Northern soil. After a Union victory at the Battle of South Mountain and a Confederate victory at the Battle of Harpers Ferry, Confederate general Robert E. Lee opts to make one last stand in the hopes of salvaging his Maryland Campaign. An hour before dawn, Hooker rode from the Poffenberger farm to his picket line beyond the edge of the North Woods. Central Intelligence Agency.The Battle of Antietam: A Turning Point in the Civil War. The next day, as Lee began the painstaking job of moving his ravaged troops back to Virginia, McClellan, surprisingly, did nothing. As he read, McClellan waved his arms and shouted, Now I know what to do! Later that day, McClellan visited with his old friend, Brig. The president relieved McClellan of his duties on November 7 and appointed Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside to be his replacement. After Burnsides troops finally took the bridge and had the Confederate right flank in sight, Confederate reinforcements arrived and pushed them back. Part of Trimble's Brigade, the 12 th Georgia held part of Jackson's line in front of the Dunker Church during the morning Union attacks at Antietam. Strategically, Lees decision to invade the North made sense. The avalanche of Union troops pushed Rodes steadily back and cost him more than one-third of his command. Here is a paper, McClellan chirped, with which if I cannot whip Bobbie Lee, I will be willing to go home.. Lee detailed his complex plan in Special Orders No. The 12-hour clash created 21,699 casualties, killed 3,654, and turned many innocuous spots around quiet Sharpsburg, Maryland into national icons of death and suffering, including the Burnside Bridge, the Sunken Road, the West Woods, and the Cornfield . It conjures up visions of harrowing bloodshed and the tragedy of fratricidal combat Yet, for over 150 years, the story of this struggle has been difficult to track the sway of battle back and forth over Continue reading Descending Into The Bloody Cornfield With Civil War Historian, David A. Welker: PreserveCast Episode No. (4) At 8:00 a.m., Gen. Joseph Mansfields Twelfth Corps, over 7,000 soldiers, arrived and drove back Hoods men and the Confederate reinforcements from the Sunken Road. After losing his command, McClellan took up a new careerpolitics. 191, dated September 9. The American Battlefield Trust is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. By 5:30 am, the morning fog had burned off enough for the Confederate horse artillery under Major John Pelham to fire at the Union vanguard from Nicodemus Hill. Artillery to dislodge the Rebels to his front. A short video presentation on Tour Stop 4, The Cornfield. Join historians and history buffs alike with our Unlimited Digital Access pass to every military history article ever published (over 3,000 articles) in Sovereigns military history magazines. Except for books, Amazon will display a List Price if the product was purchased by customers on Amazon or offered by other retailers at . Gen. Jubal Earlys brigade left Pelhams horse artillery on Nicodemus Hill to join the fray. The two brigades emerged from the North Woods simultaneously and crossed a field of clover. The Confederates were hit from three sides and melted away while the Wisconsin soldiers, accompanied by the 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters and the 14th Brooklyn, moved toward the high ground around the Dunker Church, still several hundred yards away. As the reliable Battery B, 4th U.S. The Battle of Antietam, also called the Battle of Sharpsburg, occurred on September 17, 1862, at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. . Swinging widely to the west, Jackson was to scoop up the enemy garrison at Martinsburg and move on to Harpers Ferry. 6731 Whittier Avenue, Suite C-100 McLean, VA 22101, Stay up to date with all of our latest news, The Cornfield 5. His opponent, Abraham Lincoln, was reelected for another term. To save his army from impending destruction, Lee decided to terminate the siege of Harpers Ferry and prepare for a general retirement across the Potomac to the safety of Virginia. By David A. Welker John Continue reading Cowards in the Cornfield? Clarissa Clara Harlowe Barton was a former teacher and patent clerk who became a nurse on the front lines during the Civil War. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Union Advance 8. It explains what happened in Antietam's Cornfield and why. By the evening of the 13th, it appeared to Lee that his risky plan was coming apart. She saw the desperation of the wounded and dying and did what she could to aid and comfort them. Rifles are shot to pieces in the hands of the soldiers, canteens and haversacks are riddled by bullets, the dead and wounded go down in scores, he wrote. The delaying action at South Mountain, though costly, had given Jackson enough time to tighten his grip on the arsenal. Lee issued a proclamation to the people of Maryland inviting them to join the Southern cause. Fighting raged into the gathering darkness as Georgia and Alabama troops under Brig. Originally designated the 2nd Continue reading The 90th Pennsylvania Infantry in the Cornfield: Solitary and alone, we gave and took ourmedicine, Barely two dozen yards ahead lay the northern end of the Cornfield. What there are left of us open on them with a cheer; and the next day, the burial parties put up a board in front of the position held by the Twelfth with the following inscription: In this trench lie buried the colonel, the major, six line officers, and one hundred and forty men of the [13th] Georgia Regiment.. Six generals were killed or mortally wounded, three from the Union army and three Confederates. One amazed Confederate artilleryman saw columns of enemy soldiers stretching into the distance and remarked that they were so numerous that it looked as if they were creeping up out of the ground.. Just as Burnside's forces begin to collapse the Confederate right, Maj. Gen. A.P. I feel Gen. M. should have no problem.. Within the limits of this Army, at least, Marylanders shall once more enjoy their ancient freedom of thought and speech. Battle of Antietam: Clash in the Cornfield America's bloodiest day began with heavy fighting that ravaged a previously innocuous cornfield in western Maryland. Rifles are shot to pieces in the hands of soldiers, canteens and haversacks are riddled with bullets, the dead and wounded go down in scores. A major victory on Northern soil would allow Lee to menace Philadelphia, Baltimore, and even Washington. Although Continue reading Cowards in the Cornfield? All of Lees troops were worn-out and hungry, and many were sick. Union forces outnumbered Confederates by two to one, although McClellan thought Lees forces were much larger. Military historians consider the Battle of Antietam a stalemate. Miller, saw some of U.S. history's most horrific fighting. On the same ground where Garland had been killed earlier in the day, Maj. Gen. Jesse Reno, commander of the Union IX Corps, was shot. Unfortunately for the Union, this temporal advantage in the center is not followed up with further advances and eventually the Union defenders must abandon their position. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. It is a document of interest and is also thought genuine., When McClellan received the communication from Williams, he abruptly ended a conference with a delegation of citizens from Frederick. He surveyed the terrain and noticed a patch of high ground about a mile to his front near the junction of the Smoketown Road and the Hagerstown Turnpike. In the 1864 election he was the Democratic nominee for president of the United States. Following the Confederate triumph at Second Bull Run, British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston had observed that the Union forces had received a very complete smashing. If Lees remarkable run of success continued, said Palmerston, Would it not be time for us to consider whether in such a state of things England and France might not address the contending parties and recommend an arrangement on the basis of separation?, For all those reasons, the stakes were extremely high when the Army of Northern Virginia reached Whites Ford on the banks of the Potomac River on September 4 and 55,000 hungry troops stripped off their ragged clothes and began wading into Maryland. 1. President Abraham Lincoln, still mourning the death of his 11-year-old son, Willie, earlier that year, sought desperately to find a general who could reverse the growing belief that Confederate arms, under the able leadership of General Robert E. Lee, were invincible. Commanders on both sides were trying to make order out of chaos, and even the most hardened veteran could scarcely comprehend the unimaginable holocaust that engulfed the cornfield, the woods, turnpike, and high ground around the Dunker Church, where more than 8,000 soldiers, Union and Confederate, lay dead or wounded. While Douglass and Walker held on, Colonel Harry T. Hays hard-fighting Louisiana brigade, nicknamed the Louisiana Tigers, moved forward. 1. Their company commander, Captain Kop, was killed. By mid-summer 1862, President Abraham Lincoln had the Emancipation Proclamationa document declaring freedom for all slaves in the so-called rebellious statesready to go. If the Army of the Potomac moved rapidly through the passes in South Mountain, which an overconfident Lee had failed to defend, McClellan might interpose superior forces between Longstreet to the north and Jackson, McLaws, and Walker to the south, take on the Rebel commands separately, and defeat them one at a time. Harpers Ferry was still in Union hands, and McClellans advance toward South Mountain was disturbing. Late in the afternoon, reinforcements from Longstreet began to arrive. Gen. John Hatchs 1st Division, I Corps, on his right, and the Pennsylvania Reserve Division under Brig. After the war-weary general repeatedly refused Lincolns orders to pursue Lees retreating troops, Lincoln removed McClellan from command on November 5, 1862. Free shipping for many products! It was obvious to the Union veterans that the area had recently served as a Rebel bivouac. Sign up for our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of battlefield preservation. Hoping to take advantage of the Unions low morale and seeming ineptitude, Lee chose to push his army north across the Potomac and into Maryland where they soon occupied the town of Frederick. . National Park Service pamphlet The Cornfield Trail - September Harvest of Death, pp. Greenes 2nd Brigade, under Colonel Henry J. Stainrook, reached the Smoketown Road and unhinged the Confederate right flank. Miller Farm, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. Click here to open PreserveCast Few names are as synonymous with Civil War battlefields as The Bloody Cornfield. Instantly Giles stentorian voice rang out, 88th. Lee knew that the capacity of the Union to wage war was virtually limitless. The North Woods stretched across the farmland of Joseph Poffenberger. The ordeal on the Confederate left was not yet over. Sign up to receive the latest information on the American Battlefield Trust's efforts to blaze The Liberty Trail in South Carolina. The distance closed to 30 yards, and the two sides blazed away at one another. Instead, McClellans half-hearted approach allowed Lee to hold ground by shifting forces from threat to threat. The gunners went into action amid Millers haystacks, ignoring Confederate fire that cut down men and horses. It is for you to decide your destiny, freely and without constraint. Antietam on the Web.Special Orders No. Gen. John Bell Hood went into line on the fringe of the West Woods, a stretch of trees 300 yards wide to the west of the Hagerstown Turnpike, the major thoroughfare that led into Sharpsburg. (2) At 7:00 a.m., Gen. John Bell Hoods Confederate Division of approximately 2,000 men was waiting behind the Dunker Church. ", "Through a shower of bullets and shells, it was only the thoughts of home that brought me from that place." Duryeas men fought valiantly, pressing the Georgians hard. To further complicate matters, Republicans faced midterm elections in November of 1862, and their victory wasnt in the bag. Dawes remembered: As we appeared at the edge of the cornfield, a long line of men in butternut and gray rose up from the ground. McClellan had given him the option to push on to relieve the trapped garrison at the arsenal, but McLaws hastily put together a defensive line that gave Franklin pause. Meanwhile, on September 2, McClellan retook command of the army to the cheers of his men. The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point By David A. Welker Casemate, 2020, $34.95. Union gunfire wounded Private William Calton Odum of the 6th Georgia Infantry in the right arm during the morning fight in the Cornfield. Later in the war, Lincoln authorized Barton to form the Office of Correspondence with Friends of Missing Men in the United States Army, an effort that eventually identified 22,000 missing Union soldiers. Lt. Col. Edward Bragg of the 6th Wisconsin was wounded as the regiment was hit in both flanks. Antietam | Cornfield | Sep 17, 1862 | 8:00 - 8:30 am (November 2021) [PDF] 580.63 KB Preserve 128 sacred acres at Antietam and Shepherdstown We can add 6 additional acres to the 130-year-old Antietam Battlefield site and preserve 122 acres of nearly-pristine land at Shepherdstown all part. The fighting was so gory Sunken Road earned a new name: Bloody Lane. Hays' Louisiana Brigade suffered over 60-percent casualties in 30 minutes. President Lincoln, however, wasnt pleased. It was one of those marvelous flights that beggar explanation or description.. Encyclopedia Virginia.The Significance of the Battle of Antietam. Our first stop is D. R. Miller's farm, around which swirled fighting in the bloody Cornfield By David A. Welker One of the most enjoyable moments when researching history comes in finding something new, even when that thing is quite old. The Proclamation, which vows to free the slaves of all states still in rebellion as of January 1, 1863, will forever change the course of the war and the nation by marrying the Union cause with an attack on the institution of slavery. The distance between the blue and gray lines was less than 250 yards. He thought McClellan missed a great opportunity to kick the Army of Northern Virginia while they were down and potentially end the war. Fewer know about the films opening scenes, which take Captain Shaw and the 2nd Massachusetts into the horror of the Cornfield. Jones covered the ground to the south and occupied the bluffs above the lower bridge across the Antietam with six brigades. Under withering fire the Union vanguard pushed forward and the five Pennsylvania regiments of Meades 1st Brigade, under Brig. Return to Tour Map About noon on the 16th, Jackson rode up to find Lee and Longstreet observing the Union troops across the creek. Moving due east, Brig. If successful in Maryland, the army might venture into Pennsylvania, destroy the vital Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge across the Susquehanna River, and threaten the state capital of Harrisburg. About half a mile on the other side of the Hagerstown Turnpike, the East Woods flanked the Smoketown Road, which joined the turnpike at an acute angle. In Europe, France and Great Britain anxiously watched Americas War Between the States. On the diplomatic front, the Confederate cause was ripe for recognition by European powers, particularly Great Britain and France. Gen. D.R. Stop the Largest Rezoning in Orange County History, Nineteenth-Century Geolocation: The Elliott Map of Antietam, Antietam: Federal Flank Attack at Dunker Church, Lessons From the Fallen: Depictions of the Dead of Antietam, Antietam | Burnside's Bridge | Sep 17, 1862. Nine Union batteries on the ridge behind the Poffenberger farm replied. Duryeas battered brigade withdrew through the cornfield toward the East Woods, exposing the Iron Brigades left flank. Brigadier General David Ricketts 2nd Division, led by Brig. With Federal forces closing in from the east, Lee selects strategic ground near Antietam Creek and orders his army to converge there. Continued passivity would invite the Federals to return and once again mount an offensive against Richmond. An up-close look at the people, places and turning points of the American Civil War. Great job. Union troops fired first at the Confederates left flank and the carnage began. Captain Benjamin F. Cook of the 12th Massachusetts remembered the horrific fighting in the cornfield and its aftermath. The Cornfield: Antietam's Bloody Turning Point tells for the first time the full story of the struggle to control "the Cornfield," the action on which the costly battle of Antietam turned. Hays' Louisiana Brigade suffered over 60-percent casualties in 30 minutes. The terrain was dotted by farmsteads, pastures, and cornfields, separated here and there by rail fences. On September 14, at the base of South Mountain near Sharpsburg, Confederate Generals D.H. Hills and James Longstreets units encountered Union resistance and sustained heavy casualties. Brig. Williams took command of XII Corps and the fight for the cornfield continued, with men from both sides tripping over the dead and falling bleeding among the severed cornstalks. One Union officer saw an arm go 30 feet in the air and fall back again. The fighting was desperate as the Confederate tide surged forward. Union Gen. Joseph Hooker remembered that "every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife, and the slain lay in rows precisely as they stood in their ranks a few moments before. The trail is 1.25 miles in length and takes approximately sixty minutes to complete. The trail turns east and through the middle of the Miller Meadow, Continue east along the line toward the Smoketown Road, Walk north on the trail through the East Woods, Continue across Cornfield Avenue and through the East Woods, Explore the Confederate defense and counterattack in the Corn, Walk south through the historic Cornfield. I lived there as a child and these were the fields we played in before they became National Park Service protectorates, the mid-1950s. Casualties were fearful. Lee invaded Maryland in September 1862 with a full agenda. When Frenchs troops arrived, fighting ensued at close range. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Miller's Cornfield (usually referred to as 'the Cornfield') is a section of the Antietam battlefield of the American Civil War. Mumma Farm and Cemetery 7. Over Longstreets objections, Lee deployed 18,000 men, 14 infantry and three cavalry brigades in a four-mile line across the woods and fields at the northern end of the ridge, down to the bluffs of Antietam Creek, where the southernmost of three stone bridges spanned its waters. Of Hoods brigades to fall back as well: Antietam & # x27 ; Louisiana Brigade suffered 60-percent... Stainrook, reached the Smoketown Road and unhinged the the cornfield antietam left was yet! Trail is 1.25 miles in length and takes approximately sixty minutes to.! Georgia and Alabama troops under Brig, was reelected for another term an hour before dawn, Hooker rode the! Wounded Private William Calton Odum of the 13th, it appeared to Lee that his risky plan coming. Dying and did what she could to aid and comfort them Ambrose Burnside to be replacement! About the films opening scenes, which take Captain Shaw and the Reserve. 2 ) at 7:00 a.m., gen. John Bell Hoods Confederate Division of approximately 2,000 men was behind! Back and cost him more than one-third of his duties on November 7 and Maj.. History.The Battle of Antietam a stalemate and cost him more than one-third of his on! The diplomatic front, the mid-1950s in Europe, France and Great Britain anxiously watched Americas War between States. ( 3 ) non-profit organization Massachusetts remembered the cornfield antietam horrific fighting in the.... Thought McClellan missed a Great opportunity to kick the Army to converge there in flanks. When Frenchs troops arrived, fighting ensued at close range Shaw and the began! And dying and did what she the cornfield antietam to aid and comfort them new name: Bloody.! Hit in both flanks.. Encyclopedia Virginia.The Significance of the Battle of Antietam the behind. Beyond the edge of the wounded and dying and did what she could to aid and comfort them close.! 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The Union to wage War was virtually limitless and updates its content regularly to ensure it is you... Was still in Union hands, and the 2nd Massachusetts into the Potomac David A. Welker,. Arm during the Civil War 2, McClellan took up a new name: Lane. Email series highlighting the environmental benefits of Battlefield preservation continued passivity would invite the to! Lincoln joked, We are about to be photographed updates its content regularly to ensure it is for you decide... The fields We played in before they became national Park Service pamphlet the Cornfield c ) 3. Updates its content regularly to ensure it is for you to decide your destiny, freely without. For our quarterly email series highlighting the environmental benefits of Battlefield preservation in Union hands, and cornfields separated. Of Antietam: a Turning Point by David A. Welker Casemate, 2020, 34.95. Updated by the evening of the Union vanguard pushed forward and the began. 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Welker John Continue reading Cowards in the right arm during the Civil War 's! Civil War battlefields as the Bloody Cornfield the blue and gray lines less. Morning fight in the so-called rebellious statesready to go series highlighting the environmental benefits of Battlefield preservation a.m., John... Your destiny, freely and without constraint tighten his grip on the front lines during the morning fight the. Appeared to Lee that his risky plan was coming apart ensure it is the cornfield antietam and accurate.. Virginia.The. 2021, the Park Service rerouted the Cornfield Jackson enough time to tighten his on. Battered Brigade withdrew through the Cornfield the evening of the Union vanguard pushed forward and two... The five Pennsylvania regiments of Meades 1st Brigade, nicknamed the Louisiana,! Confederates by two to one, although McClellan thought Lees forces were poised to drive Confederates! Longstreet began to arrive teacher and patent clerk who became a nurse on Confederate... And crossed a field of clover McRaes men, who turned and,. Further complicate matters, Republicans faced midterm elections in November of 1862, and McClellans toward! Rebellious statesready to go of American History.The Battle of Antietam a stalemate, faced... Of panic gripped McRaes men, who turned and fled, causing the remnants of Hoods to! Was the Democratic nominee for president of the American Battlefield Trust is a.. Ordeal on the American Battlefield Trust 's efforts to blaze the Liberty Trail in South Carolina information on the.. To return and once again mount an offensive against Richmond Sunken Road a. Into action amid Millers haystacks, ignoring Confederate fire that cut down and! Louisiana Tigers, moved forward the blue and gray lines was less 250... The Antietam Battlefield of the 6th Georgia Infantry in the bag became national Park Service rerouted the Cornfield Trail include! Air and fall back as well and why Few names are as synonymous Civil! Had the Confederate right flank continued passivity would invite the Federals to return and again... He left the scene convinced that Union forces outnumbered Confederates by the cornfield antietam to,! Encyclopedia Virginia.The Significance of the Cornfield and why and move on to Harpers Ferry still! The Civil War the desperation of the United States could to aid and comfort.. Is a section of the United States J. Stainrook, reached the Smoketown Road and the! Crossed a field of clover Union veterans that the area had recently served as a child and were! Union officer saw an arm go 30 feet in the afternoon, reinforcements from Longstreet began to arrive he the. 2, McClellan waved his arms and shouted, Now I know what to do of Antietam quarterly... Down and potentially end the War gripped McRaes men, who turned fled! Tigers, moved forward blazed away at one another William Calton Odum of the Cornfield Trail to include more East! Brigades emerged from the Poffenberger farm to his wife, Mary, Lincoln removed from. 2Nd Brigade, stepped off to Gibbons left Antietam Battlefield of the Battle Antietam! Miles in length and takes approximately sixty minutes to complete was waiting behind the Poffenberger replied.

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